Table 1: Ownership Concentration in East Asian Corporations
|
|
Concentration Ratio (%) |
|
|
|
|
Country |
Largest
Shareholder |
Top
Five Shareholders |
As
at End of Year |
Coverage |
|
Indonesia |
48.2 |
67.5 |
1997 |
All PLCs |
|
Korea |
20.4 |
38.5 |
1998 |
81 non-financial
PLCs |
|
Malaysia |
30.3 |
58.8 |
1998 |
All PLCs |
|
Philippines |
33.5 |
60.2 |
1997 |
All
non-financial PLCs |
|
Thailand |
28.5 |
56.6 |
1997 |
All PLCs |
Source: Capulong,
et al. (2000), Corporate Governance and Finance in East Asia: Volume One. Asian
Development Bank.
Note: The concentration ratio is defined as the percentage of total outstanding shares of an average PLC owned by the largest or top five shareholders. The percentages are not weighted by market capitalization.
Statistics |
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
4th |
5th |
Percent of Total Shares Owned |
|
Mean |
30.30 |
12.47 |
7.32 |
5.01 |
3.74 |
58.84 |
|
Median |
27.80 |
11.51 |
6.94 |
4.84 |
3.65 |
60.43 |
Source: Fazilah Abdul Samad (2002) ‘Ownership Structure in the Malaysian Corporation Sector’, Centre on Regulation and Competition, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester.
Note: ‘Mean’ = the average of all the companies; ‘Median’ = half the companies are below, and half the companies are above this point, that is, in half the companies, the top five shareholders owned more than 60.43% of the shares.
Table 3: Ownership Concentration at Critical Levels of Shareholder Control for KLSE Companies, 1998
|
Total No. of Companies |
Top Five Shareholders Hold more than 50% |
Top Five Shareholders Hold more than 66.7% |
Top Five Shareholders Hold more than 80% |
|||
|
No.
of Companies |
Percent |
No.
of Companies |
Percent |
No.
of Companies |
Percent |
|
|
731 |
522 |
71.4 |
272 |
37.2 |
62 |
8.5 |
Source: Fazilah Abdul Samad (2002)
|
Fund |
Percentage
owning 500,000 units and more |
Percentage
of units owned |
Percentage
owning 5,000 units and less |
Percentage
of units owned |
|
ASM bumiputera
funds |
0.1 |
47.6 |
92.7 |
25.0 |
|
ASM open funds |
0.2 |
45.6 |
74.0 |
10.6 |
|
OSK-UOB funds |
0.4 |
51.7 |
32.0 |
1.7 |
Source: Annual and Interim Reports
Table A: Occupational Ratios
of Bumiputera to Total Citizens, 2000 (percentage)
|
Bumiputera
As Percentage of Citizens |
Total
Employed |
Group
1 |
Group
2 |
Group
3 |
Group
4 |
Group
5 |
Group
6 |
Group
7 |
Group
8 |
Group
9 |
|
Total
Bumiputera |
60.7 |
41.2 |
58.8 |
64.1 |
59.4 |
57.6 |
81.8 |
44.9 |
64.8 |
59.5 |
|
30-39 |
60.8 |
42.4 |
63.5 |
65.4 |
60.8 |
59.1 |
81.9 |
45.0 |
63.9 |
61.0 |
|
40-49 |
57.7 |
40.0 |
57.7 |
62.3 |
63.1 |
55.9 |
79.8 |
39.2 |
54.0 |
56.5 |
|
50-59 |
56.1 |
36.6 |
43.3 |
51.0 |
46.4 |
51.3 |
80.8 |
36.0 |
46.7 |
51.6 |
Source: Census 2000
Group 1 = Legislators, Senior Officials and Managers
Group 2 = Professionals
Group 3 = Technicians and Associate Professionals
Group 4 = Clerical Workers
Group 5 = Service Workers and Shop and Market Sales Workers
Group 6 = Agricultural and Fishery Workers
Group 7 = Craft and Related Trades Workers
Group 8 = Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers
Group 9 = Elementary Occupations