Myanmar’s military government should reverse its post-coup d’etat revisions of legal protections for human rights in the country, the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) and Human Rights Watch said on 2 March.
Myanmar’s State Administration Council (SAC), appointed by the country’s military after it overthrew the elected civilian government on 1 February 2021, has dictated key revisions to the country’s legal system that criminalise even peaceful protests and enable violations of the right to privacy and arbitrary arrests and detention. The changes were made through orders signed by the Commander-in-Chief, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, on behalf of the SAC, and outside the parliamentary process.
“As Myanmar’s military increasingly relies on excessive force and intimidation to quell peaceful protests against its coup, it is trying to give a veneer of legality to its actions by subverting existing protections in the legal system,” said Ian Seiderman, ICJ’s director of law and policy. “These revisions, which violate the principle of legality and Myanmar’s international obligations, in no way excuse or legitimate the widespread violations of human rights now taking place in Myanmar.”
Since the coup on 1 February, the military junta has:
- arbitrarily suspended sections of the Law Protecting the Privacy and Security of Citizens (2017), removing basic protections, including the right to be free from arbitrary detention and the right to be free of warrantless surveillance and search and seizure
- amended the Penal Code to create new offences and expand existing offences to target those speaking critically of the coup and the military, and those encouraging others to support the “Civil Disobedience Movement”
- amended the Ward and Tract Administration Law to reinstate the requirement to report overnight guests
- amended the Code of Criminal Procedure to make the new and revised offences non-bailable and subject to warrantless arrest
- amended the Electronic Transactions Law to prevent the free flow of information and criminalise the dissemination of information through cyberspace, including expression critical of the coup or the acts of the junta
Under international legal standards, any restrictions on human rights must be strictly necessary to protect a legitimate interest and proportionate to the interest being protected, even in times of public emergency or for legitimate national security purposes (conditions that do not apply in Myanmar currently). The orders issued by the SAC fail to meet that standard, as they will arbitrarily interfere with the exercise of rights protected under international law, including freedom of expression, freedom of peaceful assembly, the right to liberty, and the right to privacy. Certain rights, such as the rights to bodily integrity and nondiscrimination, are not subject to restriction.
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“By stripping the people of Myanmar of their basic rights, the military is once again demonstrating its disdain for international human rights protections,” said Linda Lakhdhir, Asia legal advisor at Human Rights Watch. “The junta cannot justify the oppression of Myanmar’s inhabitants through the unilateral creation of arbitrary new laws.”
For an analysis of the junta’s changes in the law, please see below.
Analysis of Legal Code changes:
Law Protecting the Privacy and Security of Citizens (2017)
On 13 February, the State Administration Council arbitrarily suspended Sections 5, 7, and 8 of the Law Protecting the Privacy and Security of Citizens, eroding basic protections for individuals.
Section 5 required the presence of two witnesses whenever the police enter a residence for the purposes of search or seizure “to ensure that there is no damage to the privacy or security of the citizen.” The suspension of that protection significantly raises the risk of abuses during searches and arrests.
Section 7 required a court order for any detention of more than 24 hours. Suspension of the provision will facilitate violations of international law, which provides that any person detained on a criminal charge be promptly taken before a judge.
Section 8 provided protections of an individual’s right to privacy by prohibiting search and seizure, surveillance, spying, or any investigation affecting the privacy, security, and dignity of the individual without a court order, protections that the junta has removed. Under international law, no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with their privacy, family, home or correspondence.
Penal Code amendments
On 14 February, the SAC announced amendments to the Penal Code that could lead to criminal liability for thousands of demonstrators exercising their rights to free expression of their views, and anyone publicly criticising the military coup d’etat through any means.
The SAC inserted a new provision, Section 505A, that could be used to punish comments regarding the illegitimacy of the coup or the military government, among others. The new section would criminalise comments that “cause fear,” spread “false news, [or] agitates directly or indirectly a criminal offence against a government employee”. Violation of the section is punishable by up to three years in prison.
Section 505(a) previously made it a crime to publish or circulate any “statement, rumour or report” “with intent to cause, or which is likely to cause, any officer, soldier, sailor or airman, in the army, navy or air force to mutiny or otherwise disregard or fail in his duty.” It has been replaced with much broader language, clearly designed to penalise those encouraging members of the civil service of the security services to join the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Under the revised provision, any attempt to “hinder, disturb, damage the motivation, discipline, health and conduct” of the military personnel and government employees and cause their hatred, disobedience or disloyalty toward the military and the government is punishable by up to three years in prison.
The SAC also significantly broadened the “treason” provisions in Section 124 of the Penal Code. Section124A, which already criminalised comments that “bring into hatred or contempt” or “excite disaffection against” the government, was expanded to include comments relating to the defence services and defence services personnel, effectively criminalising any criticism of the military or military personnel. Violation of the section is punishable by up to 20 years in prison.
The newly added Section 124C imposes a prison term of up to 20 years on anyone who intends to “sabotage or hinder the performance of the Defence Services and law enforcement organizations who are engaged in preserving the stability of the state”. This provision would criminalise efforts to encourage security forces to join the Civil Disobedience Movement or permit unauthorised protests.
Finally, under Section 124D, a person can be sentenced up to seven years in prison if they hinder a government employee from carrying out their duties. This provision is so broad that any actions of protesters could be interpreted as preventing security personnel or defence service officers from performing their duty.
Code of Criminal Procedure Amendment Law
On 14 February, the junta amended the Code of Criminal Procedure Amendment Law to make offences under Sections 505A, 124C, and 124D non-bailable and subject to arrest without a warrant.
Ward or Village Tract Administration Law (13/2/21)
The amendments to the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law (13/2/21) further increase the military’s ability to conduct surveillance on people’s movements, in particular on human rights defenders seeking shelter away from their own homes. Amendments to Section 17 of the act require all overnight guests from other wards or villages to be reported to the ward or village tract administrator, who are authorised by Section 13 to “take action” against any who “failed to inform the guest list.” Section 27 reintroduces criminal sanctions for failing to report overnight guests. Such provisions existed under previous military governments and were deeply resented.
Electronic Transactions Law (Law No 7/ 2021)
On 15 February, the junta also amended the Electronic Transactions Law to include, among others, provisions that had been proposed in the draft cybersecurity law.
As was true under that much-criticised draft law, the amended Electronics Transactions Law permits government agencies, investigators, or law enforcement to access personal data in relation to “cyber-crimes,” “cyber misuse,” or any criminal investigation.
The amendments also include several provisions (Articles 38(d) and (e)) that provide criminal penalties for “unauthorised” access to online material and that could be used to prosecute whistleblowers, investigative journalists or activists who use leaked material for their work.
Section 38B criminalises “obtaining, disclosing, using, destroying, modifying, disseminating, or sending someone’s personal data to anyone else without approval,” with one to three years in prison. While the protection of the right to privacy online is important, this provision goes well beyond legitimate protections on privacy and imposes arbitrary restrictions on freedom of expression.
In particular, “personal data” is defined in a manner so broad as to include virtually any information associated with a person. The law is therefore impermissibly vague and over-broad, as it would likely prevent even the disclosure of information about anyone involved in alleged human rights violations, including by human rights defenders and journalists.
Section 38C criminalises the creation of “misinformation or disinformation with the intent of causing public panic, loss of trust or social division on cyberspace” and provides for imprisonment of one to three years in addition to fines. These provisions are similarly vague and over-broad and unnecessarily and disproportionately limit the exercise of expression online, including criticism of the coup and the military junta. – Human Rights Watch
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